一般電池行業的人都知道，鋰電池的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態是(shi)否穩定，溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化起(qi)到(dao)(dao)了很大的(de)(de)(de)影響因(yin)素，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在高溫(wen)和低溫(wen)環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)(xia)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)保持(chi)率就有(you)(you)所下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，在所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)因(yin)素中，溫(wen)度(du)(du)對(dui)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)影響最(zui)大，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液界面上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)應(ying)與(yu)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)有(you)(you)關，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液界面被視為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)心臟。如果溫(wen)度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應(ying)率也下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，假設電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保持(chi)不(bu)變(bian)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降(jiang)低，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)功率輸出也會(hui)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。如果溫(wen)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)則相(xiang)反(fan)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)輸出功率會(hui)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)，溫(wen)度(du)(du)也影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)送速度(du)(du)溫(wen)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)則加快，傳(chuan)送溫(wen)度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，傳(chuan)送減慢，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)也會(hui)受到(dao)(dao)影響。但溫(wen)度(du)(du)太高，超過45℃鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)越來(lai)越廣泛地應(ying)用到(dao)(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)生產生活(huo)當中，這使(shi)得它的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)環(huan)境(jing)成為關注的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)點(dian)，相(xiang)對(dui)來(lai)說(shuo)，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更(geng)容易在高溫(wen)環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)(xia)產生安全(quan)問(wen)題，因(yin)此，必須對(dui)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行高溫(wen)性能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)，并(bing)與(yu)其(qi)常溫(wen)測試(shi)數據相(xiang)比較。

溫度的變化直接影響了鋰電池的放電性能和放電出來的容量大小。溫度降低，電池內阻加大，電化學反應速度放慢，極化內阻迅速增加，電池放電容量和放電平臺下降，影響電池功率和能量的輸出。對于鋰離子電池，低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)條件下放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)急劇下降，但在(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)情況下放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)并不(bu)比常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)，有時還會略高(gao)于常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)容(rong)量(liang)，主要是(shi)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)情況下鋰(li)離子遷移(yi)速度加快，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)像鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和和貯氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)那樣在(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)情況下產生分(fen)解(jie)或形成氫氣使容(rong)量(liang)下降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池模塊低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，隨著放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的進行，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等原因產生熱量(liang)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度升高(gao)，表現為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有抬升現象，隨著放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的進行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)再逐漸下降。

目前鋰(li)電池(chi)(chi)行業還沒有明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論支(zhi)撐(cheng)其各溫(wen)度性能下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內阻、放(fang)電平臺、壽命、容量(liang)等(deng)必然(ran)聯(lian)系，相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算公式和數學(xue)模型還在(zai)摸(mo)索(suo)階(jie)段。在(zai)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗證明下，鋰(li)電池(chi)(chi)對0-40℃這個區間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度并(bing)不敏感，如果(guo)在(zai)充放(fang)電時溫(wen)度變化低于0℃或者高于40℃，鋰(li)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循環(huan)壽命和容量(liang)就會低于正常數值，溫(wen)度超(chao)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍越大，容量(liang)與壽命就較少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越多(duo)。打個比(bi)方：一到了冬天特別(bie)是(shi)北方較寒(han)冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區，手(shou)(shou)機電池(chi)(chi)電量(liang)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間要比(bi)夏天短(duan)很多(duo)，這就是(shi)與溫(wen)度變化有關，并(bing)不是(shi)手(shou)(shou)機電池(chi)(chi)不耐用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。

不同材料鋰電池的低溫性能也有區別，舉個例子磷酸鐵鋰是低溫性能最差的，我們恒帝電池研發的磷酸鐵鋰電池在-10℃時放出容(rong)量為(wei)最大容(rong)量的89%，應該在業(ye)內已經是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)較高(gao)的；在55℃下放出容(rong)量可達到(dao)(dao)95%，相(xiang)對低溫(wen)的衰減還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)較少的。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)錳酸鋰、鈷酸鋰和(he)三(san)元產品(pin)的低溫(wen)性(xing)能(neng)要好一些，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)有限；而犧牲(sheng)的是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)溫(wen)性(xing)能(neng)。現在業(ye)內吹(chui)磷酸鐵鋰安(an)(an)全(quan)性(xing)能(neng)高(gao)，高(gao)溫(wen)性(xing)能(neng)好，其實是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)池活(huo)性(xing)沒有上述三(san)種高(gao)，相(xiang)對安(an)(an)全(quan)一些。整(zheng)體性(xing)能(neng)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不如錳鋰或三(san)元的。一到(dao)(dao)了冬天(tian)(tian)特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)北方較寒冷的地區(qu)，手(shou)機電(dian)池電(dian)量使用的時間要比(bi)夏天(tian)(tian)短很多。

鋰離子(zi)電池(chi)越來越廣(guang)泛(fan)地應用到人們的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活當中，這使得它的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度環境(jing)成為關注的(de)(de)(de)要點(dian)，相對來說，鋰電池(chi)更容(rong)易在高溫(wen)環境(jing)下產生(sheng)安(an)全問題，因此，必(bi)須對鋰電池(chi)進行(xing)高溫(wen)性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)，并與其常溫(wen)測(ce)試(shi)數據(ju)相比較。

測(ce)試條件：選擇(ze)兩只恒帝(di)電(dian)池(chi)生產的聚(ju)合物鋰電(dian)池(chi)603048-950mAh方形鋰電(dian)池(chi)，分別(bie)在25℃(常溫)和60℃(高溫)下進(jin)行。

充(chong)放電制度設計：適用恒流恒壓(ya)充(chong)電和(he)恒流放電制度。充(chong)電終止電壓(ya)為4.2V，放電終止電壓(ya)為3.0V。首先以(yi)(yi)1C即950mA充(chong)電至4.2V，再以(yi)(yi)4.2V恒壓(ya)充(chong)電直至截止電流到20mA;然(ran)后以(yi)(yi)950mA恒流放電至3.0V，如此循環(huan)充(chong)放電300次。

這里截取三個節點：即第50次、150次、300次充放電循環。

一、在前50次循環過程中：
1、25℃下的表現：容量衰減過程略有起伏，但并非線性，50次后的放電容量保持在96.6%；
2、60℃下的表現：容量衰(shuai)減過程(cheng)接近于線性，50次后的放電(dian)容量保(bao)持(chi)在95.5%。

這(zhe)說明，在50次以內(nei)較少的(de)循環(huan)時(shi)，高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)循環(huan)穩定性(xing)略(lve)差于常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)循環(huan)穩定性(xing)。但這(zhe)里(li)有一個很重要的(de)現象，即鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)條件下放(fang)出(chu)的(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)于電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，這(zhe)里(li)的(de)原因在于，高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)時(shi)電(dian)解(jie)質的(de)黏度降低，從而加快了鋰離子的(de)遷移(yi)速(su)度，這(zhe)時(shi)，不但放(fang)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)于額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，而且充入的(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)更高(gao)(gao)。

二、在前150次循環過程中：
1、60℃下放出的容量每次都大于25℃時放出的容量;
2、60℃下初(chu)始(shi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)為1020mAh，高于額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，25℃下初(chu)始(shi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)為930mAh ，但60℃時容(rong)量(liang)(liang)衰減較快(kuai)。

三、300次循環后的狀態：這(zhe)時，常溫狀態下(xia)的指標全(quan)面優(you)化，在保持(chi)(chi)較慢的容(rong)量衰(shuai)減速度時，其容(rong)量可以保持(chi)(chi)在800mAh，而60℃時只(zhi)有730 mAh。此時，60℃下(xia)的充放電電壓平臺越來越低，而常溫下(xia)幾(ji)乎(hu)不變。

上(shang)述容量衰(shuai)減的表現還可以從(cong)鋰電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)不同溫度下(xia)的電(dian)(dian)量補(bu)充(chong)情(qing)況進行佐證(zheng)：在(zai)(zai)25℃下(xia)經過(guo)300次循環(huan)后(hou)，其恒(heng)(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的比例變(bian)化不大，但在(zai)(zai)60℃時(shi)，恒(heng)(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)所獲得的電(dian)(dian)量補(bu)充(chong)逐(zhu)漸減少，而恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階段獲得的電(dian)(dian)量顯(xian)著(zhu)增加。這是由于電(dian)(dian)池極(ji)化現象引起的。